In Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon (69), the median price per m² stands at €3,596/m² (DVF 2025 release). The median observed rent is €16/m² a month — around €775 a month for a T2.
Median price per m² in 2025
€3,596/m²
+0.3% over one year
Sales in 2025
316
+40.4% over one year
flats and houses
Median rent
€16/m²
€775 for a T2
Population
21,692
-0.1% since 2012
Median living standard
€32,180
per year per consumption unit
Public data cross-referenced (DGFiP, INSEE, LocService, ADEME), recorded on October 4, 2026.
The municipality has 21,692 inhabitants, a change of -1.5% ; median living standard there reaches €32,180 a year.
Prices and sales
In 2025, a dwelling in Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon sold at a median price of €3,596/m², +0.3% over one year.
Median price per m² over time in Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon
Median price per square metre of recorded sales, by property type and by year.
Over 11 years, the median flat price has changed by +28.6%.
View the data
Median price per m² by property type
Year
Flat
House
Sales included
2014
€2,480/m²
€4,191/m²
237
2015
€2,529/m²
€3,986/m²
295
2016
€2,508/m²
€4,323/m²
368
2017
€2,483/m²
€4,736/m²
364
2018
€2,770/m²
€5,000/m²
387
2019
€2,755/m²
€5,435/m²
346
2020
€3,324/m²
€5,862/m²
345
2021
€3,485/m²
€5,891/m²
397
2022
€3,835/m²
€6,268/m²
355
2023
€3,923/m²
€5,867/m²
284
2024
€3,319/m²
€5,576/m²
225
2025
€3,189/m²
€5,494/m²
315
Source: DVF (DGFiP), land value request data · recorded on October 4, 2026
Number of sales per year in Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon
0100200300
316
2016201720182019202020212022202320242025
Sales of flats and houses recorded each year. This is the market's thermometer: a price is only meaningful if sales are actually completed.
316 sales in 2025, +40.4% compared with 2024 (225). The peak of the period remains 2021, with 397 sales.
View the data
Sales and median price by year
Year
Sales
Median price per m²
Total sales value
2016
368
€2,652/m²
€104.0M
2017
365
€2,672/m²
€104.1M
2018
387
€3,032/m²
€115.2M
2019
346
€2,969/m²
€109.3M
2020
346
€3,725/m²
€124.7M
2021
397
€3,933/m²
€157.4M
2022
357
€4,237/m²
€149.7M
2023
285
€4,167/m²
€113.5M
2024
225
€3,585/m²
€83.4M
2025
316
€3,596/m²
€113.9M
Source: DVF (DGFiP), land value request data · recorded on October 4, 2026
Median price per m² in 2025
€3,596/m²
Flat — median price per m²
€3,189/m²
House — median price per m²
€5,494/m²
Sales in 2025
316
Average of the previous five years
322
Total sales value in 2025
€113.9M
Sales recorded over ten years
3,925
How to read these figures. The median price splits the market in two: half of sales were made below it, half above. It withstands the few extreme sales that distort a small commune better than the average does.
The data come from DVF, the file of sales actually recorded by notaries, not from advertised prices, which are asking prices rather than agreed ones. Only sales of a flat or a house with a known floor area are counted. DVF does not cover Alsace-Moselle, which is governed by the land register (livre foncier).
Source: DVF (DGFiP) · recorded on October 4, 2026
Rents
Median rent by property type
Property type
Monthly rent
€/m²
Average floor area
T2
€775
€16/m²
48 m²
Reference rents (2025)
Median advertised rent per m² by property type in Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon, 2025
Property type
Median rent (€/m²)
Range (€/m²)
Flats, all sizes
16.0
12.7 – 20.0
Flats with 1-2 rooms
18.7
15.3 – 22.9
Flats with 3 or more rooms
14.6
11.5 – 18.5
Houses
17.4
11.5 – 26.5
How to read this table. This is a predicted advertised rent, including service charges, per square metre per month — not the rent signed in the lease. The range brackets the estimate: most listings in the municipality fall within it. These estimates are recalculated every year with a new model, so two releases cannot be compared with each other.
Estimations ANIL, à partir des données du Groupe SeLoger et de leboncoin · Rent map 2025
Rental market pressure
Rental pressure3/8
Slack marketVery tight
Budget effort6/8
AffordableUnaffordable
Pressure measures the gap between rental demand and available supply; budget effort, the share of income a household must spend on housing. Both are scored from 1 to 8.
Source: LocService, listing rents · recorded on October 4, 2026
Energy performance of the housing stock
Breakdown of homes in Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon by energy performance certificate (EPC) band. Since the loi Climat & Résilience (Climate and Resilience Act), it is this band that determines whether a home may be let.
Breakdown of energy performance certificates in Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon
C
D
E
A931.7%
B2634.8%
C2,26741.7%
D1,53528.2%
E83215.3%
F3175.8%
G1312.4%
5,438 homes surveyed. 8.2% of the surveyed housing stock is rated F or G — that is 448 homes already affected, or about to be, by the letting ban. Including band E, targeted for 2034, the share rises to 23.5%.
Rental ban timeline
2025Gbanned
2028Fbanned
2034Ebanned
2021 loi Climat & Résilience (Climate and Resilience Act) — applies to new leases.
Counts and shares by band, across all energy surveys recorded in the municipality.
Source: ADEME, energy performance certificate database · recorded on October 4, 2026
Change in EPC (DPE) assessments in Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon
0204060202220232024202539%9%
A, B and C labelsF and G labels
Among the assessments carried out each year: the share of well-rated dwellings (A, B, C) and that of thermal sieves (F, G).
The share of F and G labels among assessments is falling: 10.3% in 2022, 9.0% in 2025.
View the data
Assessments carried out by year and by band
Year
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
Total
2022
23
8
244
249
137
50
26
737
2023
13
24
622
333
236
89
29
1,346
2024
12
101
734
371
155
75
25
1,473
2025
15
6
314
295
146
48
29
853
2026*
26
118
261
179
96
37
12
729
* current year, incomplete
Source: ADEME, energy performance certificate database · recorded on October 4, 2026
Why this breakdown matters. A dwelling rated G can no longer be let under a new lease since 1st January 2025; F will follow in 2028 and E in 2034. A commune whose stock is largely rated F or G therefore faces a wall of renovation work, or an exit from the rental market.
Note: these figures cover surveyed homes, not the entire stock. A survey is only required on sale or letting, so homes occupied for a long time are under-represented.
The trend line starts in 2022: the assessment changed its calculation method in July 2021, and earlier labels cannot be compared with later ones. It describes the dwellings assessed during the year (those being sold, let or just renovated), not an annual census of the housing stock.
Housing stock
Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon has 10,847 dwellings at the 2023 census, of which 93.5% are main residences; the rest is split between second homes and vacant dwellings.
What are dwellings used for?
Main residences92.7%
Second homes and occasional dwellings1.9%
Vacant dwellings5.4%
A vacant dwelling is one unoccupied on the census date: awaiting sale, letting or works, or simply left empty.
Source: INSEE, census
Who lives in main residences?
Tenants7,00233.1%
Owner-occupiers13,78365.2%
Housed free of charge3481.6%
Share of RESIDENTS according to whether their household owns, rents or is housed free of charge, not the share of dwellings.
Source: INSEE, census
Between 2012 and 2023, the housing stock grew by +8.7% while the population changed by -0.1%: homes are being built faster than the commune gains residents, a sign of smaller households, second homes or rising vacancy.
Dwellings (2023)
10,847
Households
10,144
Housing: Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon compared with its département, its region and France
Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon
Rhône
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
France
Main residences2023
92.8%+10.4 pts vs France
88.6%
79.9%
82.4%
Second homes2023
1.9%−7.9 pts vs France
3.6%
11.7%
9.8%
Vacant dwellings2023
5.4%−2.4 pts vs France
7.8%
8.4%
7.8%
Residents who own their home
65.2%+4.4 pts vs France
52.2%
62.5%
60.8%
Tenant residents
33.1%−4.3 pts vs France
46.2%
35.6%
37.4%
Under each value for the municipality: its gap with France. For a rate, the gap is in percentage points (12.4% vs 7.8% = +4.6 pts); for an amount or a ratio, as a percentage of the national value.
Long-term empty dwellings
Private dwellings vacant for more than two years (2025)
156
Share of private housing stock
1.6%
Why vacancy of more than two years. A dwelling that stands empty for a few months is waiting for a buyer, a tenant or the end of building work: that is the normal breathing of the market. Empty for more than two years, it has left the market — a run-down property, a blocked inheritance, an owner who will neither let nor sell. We do not publish total vacancy from the same file: its national level varies by a third from one year to the next without the housing stock having changed, which rules out any comparison.
Source: LOVAC (Cerema, DGFiP), vacant dwellings in the private housing stock · recorded on October 4, 2026
Dwellings authorised for construction in Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon
050100150
162
202120222023202420252026*
Flats (multi-dwelling buildings)Detached houses* current year, incomplete
Dwellings for which a building permit has been granted, by year of authorisation. An authorised dwelling is not yet built: allow two to three years before delivery.View the data
Dwellings authorised by year
Year
Flats (multi-dwelling buildings)
Detached houses
Total
2021
25
12
37
2022
93
15
108
2023
108
11
119
2024
0
9
9
2025
149
13
162
2026*
51
10
61
Source: Sit@del, ministry responsible for housing · recorded on October 4, 2026
Sources: INSEE (census), Sit@del · recorded on October 4, 2026
Population and households
Population
21,692
Households
10,144
People per household
2.14
Change in the population of Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon
16 k18 k20 k22 k1968198219992012202322 k inhab.
Municipal population at each census. INSEE does not publish a population every year: the points are the census years available.
Between 2012 and 2023, the population changed by -0.1%.
Source: INSEE, population census · recorded on October 4, 2026
Age breakdown
Under 184,04618.9%
18 to 241,4947.0%
25 to 299874.6%
30 and over14,83069.4%
Population aged 2 and over, 2023 census.
Source: INSEE
What do people aged 15 and over do?
Employed workers8,96849.4%
Unemployed8464.7%
Retired people5,90932.5%
Pupils and students1,4948.2%
Other economically inactive9375.2%
Each resident aged 15 or over is counted once, 2023 census.
Source: INSEE
Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon compared with its département, its region and France
Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon
Rhône
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
France
Population trend2012-2023
-0.1%−4.5 pts vs France
+8.6%
+6.6%
+4.4%
Median age2023
46.8 years+4.3 yrs vs France
37.8 years
42.1 years
42.5 years
Share aged under 252023
27.1%−1.7 pt vs France
32.5%
29.2%
28.8%
Share aged 65 and over2023
26.4%+5.1 pts vs France
17.5%
20.9%
21.3%
People per household2023
2.1≈ France
2.2
2.2
2.2
Under each value for the municipality: its gap with France. For a rate, the gap is in percentage points (12.4% vs 7.8% = +4.6 pts); for an amount or a ratio, as a percentage of the national value.
Why the number of people per household matters. A household is everyone who shares the same dwelling. The fewer people it has, the more demand shifts towards small homes — studios and one-bedroom flats, sought by people living alone, students and retirees; the more it has, the more demand shifts towards family homes with three or more rooms.
In Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon, a household has 2.14 people on average, the same as in France (2.17).
Source: INSEE, population census · recorded on October 4, 2026
Income and employment
Income and employment: Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon compared with its département, its region and France
Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon
Rhône
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
France
Median living standard (per year)2023
€32,180+24% vs France
€27,500
€26,920
€25,920
Poverty rate2023
10.1%−5.8 pts vs France
16.3%
14.2%
15.9%
Unemployment rate (aged 15-64)2023
8.7%−2.3 pts vs France
10.6%
9.8%
11.0%
Activity rate (aged 15-64)2023
77.2%+1.5 pt vs France
75.7%
77.0%
75.7%
Share of retired people (aged 15 and over)2023
32.5%+4.4 pts vs France
22.8%
27.8%
28.1%
Share of pupils and students (aged 15 and over)2023
8.2%+0.6 pt vs France
9.9%
7.5%
7.6%
Under each value for the municipality: its gap with France. For a rate, the gap is in percentage points (12.4% vs 7.8% = +4.6 pts); for an amount or a ratio, as a percentage of the national value.
How to read these figures. The standard of living is a household's disposable income (salaries, pensions and benefits, after tax) divided by its number of consumption units: the first adult counts as 1, other people aged 14 or over as 0.5, and each child as 0.3. It allows a single person and a family to be compared.
The poverty rate is the share of residents whose standard of living is below 60% of the national median. INSEE does not publish it for small communes, for reasons of statistical confidentiality: its absence is not a zero.
The unemployment rate here is the census one: people who declare themselves without work and looking for it, among the economically active aged 15 to 64. It is higher than INSEE's quarterly rate, which follows a stricter international definition.
Sources: INSEE (census, Filosofi) · recorded on October 4, 2026
Economic fabric
Number of businesses located in Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon
1,5002,0002,5002014201620182020202220242,404
Businesses in market activities, excluding agriculture, located in the commune and counted at 31 December each year. This is a stock: it shows the size of the local economy, not how much it is being renewed.
2,404 businesses in 2024, compared with 1,523 in 2014: +57.8% over the period.
View the data
Number of businesses by year
Year
Businesses
2014
1,523
2015
1,543
2016
1,619
2017
1,654
2018
1,722
2019
1,836
2020
1,966
2021
2,095
2022
2,213
2023
2,286
2024
2,404
Source: INSEE, business demography information system · recorded on October 4, 2026
Businesses: Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon compared with its département, its region and France
Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon
Rhône
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
France
Number of businesses2024
2,404
229,504
849,689
6,437,729
Change in the number of businesses2019-2024
+30.9%+5.9 pts vs France
+24.8%
+24.4%
+25.0%
Businesses per 1,000 inhabitants2024
110.8+14% vs France
119.9
103.6
97.3
Under each value for the municipality: its gap with France. For a rate, the gap is in percentage points (12.4% vs 7.8% = +4.6 pts); for an amount or a ratio, as a percentage of the national value.
In what form do businesses operate?
Sole traders2,20348.9%
SAS and SASU65814.6%
SARL and EURL59813.3%
Civil companies, including SCI95321.2%
Other forms922.0%
Businesses with an open establishment in Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon, by legal form. A sole trader operates in their own name — this is the status of micro-entrepreneurs; an SCI most often holds property assets rather than running an activity. This count is broader than the INSEE one above, which only includes market businesses with an economic activity.
Sources: INSEE (SIRENE register), INPI (national business register) · recorded on October 4, 2026
Registrations and insolvency proceedings
050100150
202120222023202420252026*
RegistrationsInsolvency proceedings
* current year, incomplete
On one side, announcements of registrations, business creations and takeovers; on the other, court-ordered safeguard, recovery and liquidation proceedings. Legal notices published under postcode 69110. A postcode may cover several communes: in a village, these figures describe the wider catchment area, not the commune alone.
From 2021 to 2025, 857 registrations for 104 insolvency proceedings.
View the data
Registrations and insolvency proceedings
Year
Registrations
Insolvency proceedings
2021
193
9
2022
166
21
2023
140
13
2024
178
25
2025
180
36
2026*
140
21
Source: BODACC, official bulletin of civil and commercial announcements · recorded on October 4, 2026
Sources: INSEE, BODACC · recorded on October 4, 2026
Local taxation
In 2024, the overall property tax rate on built properties is 31.03% in Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon.
Rate voted by the commune
29.52%
Intercommunal body, syndicates and special taxes
1.51%
Overall rate on built properties (total)
31.03%
Household waste collection tax (TEOM)
5.19%
Overall rate on undeveloped land
53.14%
Worked example
A dwelling with a cadastral rental value of €3,000 has a tax base of €1,500: the law sets it at half the rental value. In Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon, its property tax (taxe foncière) is €1,500 × 31.03% = €465 a year.
On top of this comes the household waste collection tax (TEOM), calculated on the same base: €1,500 × 5.19% = €78. A landlord can recover it from their tenant; the property tax (taxe foncière), by contrast, remains payable by the owner.
These amounts are before the collection charges retained by the State. Your property's rental value is shown on your property tax (taxe foncière) notice.
Property tax rate by year
Year
Communal rate
Overall rate on built properties
Household waste
2021
29.52%
30.67%
4.93%
2022
29.52%
30.84%
4.93%
2023
29.52%
30.97%
4.93%
2024
29.52%
31.03%
5.19%
Between 2021 and 2024, the overall rate changed by +0.36 point.
How to read these rates. Property tax (taxe foncière) is calculated by multiplying the property's tax base by the overall rate: this is the figure to compare between communes, not the communal rate alone. Since 2021, départements no longer collect property tax on buildings; their former share is included in the communal rate.
A high rate does not mean a high tax. The cadastral rental value is not the market rent: it is an administrative estimate based on 1970 rents, revalued each year by a national coefficient. In a town with old, low rental values, a 50% rate can cost less than a 25% rate elsewhere.
Commune subject to the tax on vacant dwellings
Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon is on the list of communes where the housing market is tight. A dwelling left empty for more than a year is subject to the tax on vacant dwellings there, and the municipal council may raise the housing tax on second homes by 5% to 60%.
The commune has not voted a surcharge on the housing tax on second homes.
Source: DGFiP, local taxation for individuals (2024 scale) · recorded on October 4, 2026
Living environment
Services and shops in the commune
Health
General practitionerPharmacyDentistNurseAnalysis laboratoryHealth centre (maison de santé)Maternity unitHousing for older people
Shops
BakeryGrocery or convenience storeSupermarketButcher'sPetrol station
Education and early years
Nursery or early-years childcareNursery or primary schoolCollège (lower secondary school)Lycée (upper secondary school)
Services and transport
Post office or postal pointBank
How to read this list. It shows the services for which at least one establishment is recorded in the commune. A service that does not appear is not necessarily absent: INSEE does not locate every facility with the same precision, and the list only includes the main ones.
Source: INSEE, permanent facilities database 2024
Public transport
67 public transport stops are located in the municipality, or 3.1 stops per 1,000 inhabitants.
Public transport stops in Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon
Stops67
Outline of the commune, north at the top.
Each dot is a bus, tram, metro or train stop. The map shows where the network is dense: it says nothing about frequency of service.
Source: transport.data.gouv.fr, scheduled timetables of networks · recorded on October 4, 2026
Stops by network
Réseau urbain TCL67
Fixed internet
Dwellings and premises connectable to fibre97.4%
11,709 connectable out of 12,019
Connectable means that optical fibre reaches the building or the street and a subscription can be taken out, not that the dwelling is already subscribed.
Source: ARCEP, fibre rollout · situation as at June 2026
Electric cars
Of the 482 passenger cars registered in the commune in 2024:
Electric cars20.1%
Plug-in hybrids9.3%
Why this share may look high. These are cars registered during the year, not all those on the road: electric vehicles weigh far more in recent purchases than in the overall fleet. Company and rental vehicles are also registered at the company's address, which inflates the share in communes that host head offices or rental firms.
Source: Ministry of Ecological Transition, passenger car registrations · recorded on October 4, 2026
Natural and technological risks
The risks identified by the State in the territory of Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon, what they mean, and what they change for a property.
Clay shrink-swell
Medium exposurelevel 2 out of 3
Clay soil swells when wet and shrinks when it dries. These movements crack houses with shallow foundations, especially after a drought.
For a property: At this level, a soil survey is mandatory to sell a building plot and before having a house built. For an existing house, look at the cracks and ask whether a drought claim has already been filed.
Seismicity
Lowlevel 2 out of 5
France is divided into five seismicity zones, from 1 (very low) to 5 (high, in the Antilles).
For a property: In this zone, no seismic rules apply to detached houses.
Radon potential
Low potentiallevel 1 out of 3
Radon is a natural radioactive gas that rises from granitic and volcanic soils and can build up in poorly ventilated rooms, especially on ground floors and in basements.
For a property: At this level, no particular information is required when selling or letting.
Risk prevention plans
1in the commune
The commune is covered by a prevention plan for: flooding. This is a document issued by the prefect that delimits the exposed zones.
For a property: In the delimited zones, building or extending may be prohibited or subject to requirements. The plan does not necessarily cover the whole commune: only the risk statement provided before a sale or letting says whether the address is affected.
Classified installations (ICPE)
8in the commune
A classified installation is an activity that the law subjects to declaration or authorisation because it may cause nuisance: factory, warehouse, livestock farm, petrol station, waste recycling centre, boiler room.
For a property: Their number mainly reflects the commune's economic activity: most pose no danger to neighbours. What matters is their nature and their distance from the property.
Underground cavities
3in the commune
Former quarries, cellars, galleries or military works recorded beneath the commune.
For a property: A cavity can cause localised subsidence or collapse of the ground. Before buying, check whether the plot is close to a known cavity.
Installations and cavities recorded in Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon
Classified installations8
Underground cavities3
Outline of the commune, north at the top.
Location of known classified installations, Seveso sites and underground cavities.
Source: Géorisques, Ministry of Ecological Transition · recorded on October 4, 2026
A prevention plan is not a bad sign in itself. It shows that the risk is mapped and regulated; it is its absence for a known hazard that should raise questions.
This page describes the commune, not an address. Before a sale or a letting, the seller or landlord must provide a risk statement drawn up for the property. You can obtain one free of charge for any address at georisques.gouv.fr.
Source: Géorisques, Ministry of Ecological Transition · recorded on October 4, 2026
Frequently asked questions — Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon
What is the price per m² in Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon?
The median recorded price is €3,596/m² — that is €3,189/m² for a flat and €5,494/m² for a house (source DVF/INSEE, data as of October 4, 2026).
What rent can you expect for a T2 in Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon?
The median observed rent is €16/m² a month — around €775 a month for a T2 (source LocService).
Is the rental market in Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon tight?
Rental pressure is rated 3/8 and budget accessibility 6/8 — the higher the pressure score, the further rental demand exceeds supply.
How many inhabitants does Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon have?
Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon has 21,692 inhabitants, with a change of -1.5% (INSEE census).
What share of energy-inefficient homes are there in Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon?
23.5% of surveyed homes are rated E, F or G on the energy certificate (source ADEME).
What is the property tax rate in Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon?
The overall property tax rate on built properties is 31.0%, of which 29.5% is voted by the commune (source DGFiP).
The same data, put to work.
What the observatory publishes, the five MORYA tools put to use.
With your consent, we measure MORYA’s audience using PostHog, hosted in the European Union, to understand what helps and what gets in the way, and how well our Google Ads perform. Nothing is sold. Declining changes nothing about the service. Your choice applies to every MORYA site for 12 months. Learn more
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Necessary
Always on
Essential for the service to work: signing in to your account, security, remembering your choices and your language. They cannot be turned off.
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Cookie
Purpose
Duration
morya_access, morya_refresh, morya_auth
Keep you signed in from one MORYA site to another
15 min to 7 days
morya_consent
Remember your cookie choices
12 months
morya_lang
Remember your language (local storage)
Until you change it
Visit statistics
Page views, clicks and journeys, to find out what helps and what gets in the way. Tool: PostHog, hosted in the European Union. Nothing is sold, no advertising.
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Cookie
Purpose
Duration
ph_*
Anonymous measurement identifier and visit session
13 months maximum
Session replay
A recording of your browsing, with inputs masked, to see exactly where a journey gets stuck. Requires visit statistics.
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Cookie
Purpose
Duration
ph_*
Session recording, within the statistics session
For the length of the visit
Advertising
Measuring our Google Ads campaigns: knowing whether a sign-up or a subscription follows a click on one of our ads. Tool: Google Ads (Google Ireland), which may also use it to personalise ads. Nothing is sold.
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Cookie
Purpose
Duration
_gcl_*
Link a sign-up or subscription to the click on a Google ad